The objective of this research methods workshop is to familiarize the participant with philosophical perspectives, research models, and methodological strategies and tools for the study of the human dimensions of management and organization. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are examined to identify their contributions to theory and practice in management.  Particular attention is focused on the Internet and its consequences for research on organization behavior and theory.

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

 INTRODUCTION.

THEMES
The Scientific Research Process: Foundations and Epistemology.
Research Strategies I:  Experimentation.
Research Strategies II:  Inductive Approaches.
Metaphors.
Grounded Theory.
Scenarios.
Measurement and Data Collection.
Sampling and Data Analysis.
Research Ethics in Social Sciences.

INTRODUCTION.

BMC (open access journal)  Medical Research Methods : http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedresmethodol/

National Science Foundation (NSF),  Directorate for Education and Human Resources,  User-Friendly Handbook for Mixed Method Evaluations, 2002: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02057/start.htm

Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, Management Centre International, Reading, England: http://www.ejbrm.com/ 

Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation: http://www.ejise.com/

Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation (Electronic Journal):   http://pareonline.net/

Heise, D., Causal Analysis, New York: John Wiley, 1975:  http://php.indiana.edu/~heise/

Journal of Statistics Education: http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/

National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Qualitative Methods in Health Research:  Opportunities and Considerations in Application and Review , NIH Publication No. 02-5046,  2001:  http://obssr.od.nih.gov/pdf/Qualitative.pdf

Social Psychology Network- Research Methods and Statistics: http://www.socialpsychology.org/methods.htm

Trochim, W.,  The Research Methods Knowledge Base, Cincinnati: Atomic Dog Publishing,  2007:  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/

Turoff, M., H. Linstone (eds.), The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, Information Systems Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 2002: http://www.is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/#toc 

 

THEMES

The Scientific Research Process: Foundations and Epistemology.

References:

Cziko, G., & D. T. Campbell, Comprehensive Evolutionary Epistemology Bibliography. The Journal of Social and Biological Sciences,, 13(1), 1990,  41-81:  http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/
A-E: http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/refs_a-e.html
F-L: http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/refs_f-l.html
M-R: http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/refs_m-r.html
S-Z: http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/refs_s-z.html

Feenberg, A., From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads, in E. Higgs, D.Strong,   A. Light (Eds.), Technology and the Good Life. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2000.

Forster, M., Hard Problems in the Philosophy of Science: Idealization and Commensurability, dans R. Nola, H. Sankey (Eds.), After Popper, Kuhn & Feyerabend:  Issues in Theories of Scientific Method, Kluwer, 2000: http://philosophy.wisc.edu/forster/papers/Kuhn/Kuhn.htm

Foucault, M., The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969),  Introduction and Chapters 1-3,   Routledge, 1972: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/foucaul2.ht

Headland, T., Introduction: A Dialogue Between Kenneth Pike and Marvin Harris on Emics and Etics. Chapter 1 dans Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. (T. Headland, K. Pike, M. Harris, eds.)  13-27. Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage, 1990:   http://www.sil.org/~headlandt/ee-intro.htm

Hegel, G. (translation by J. Baillie), The Phenomenology of Mind, 1807:   http://www.class.uidaho.edu/mickelsen/ToC/Hegel%20Phen%20ToC.htm

Palys, T., Constructing Organizations: Methods of Research, Methods of Change,  Communication présentée au Séminaire de doctorat en management, Faculté des sciences de l'administration, Université Laval, 1993:  http://www.sfu.ca/~palys/laval93.htm

Séror, A., Simulation of Complex Organizational Processes: A Review of Methods and their Epistemological Foundations, Chapter in Simulating Societies: the Computer Simulation of Social Processes, J. Doran and G. Nigel Gilbert, editors, University College London Press,1994, pp.19-40. *  This chapter is cited in the following publications:
Byrne, D.,   Simulation - A Way Forward?,  Sociological Research Online, vol. 2(2), 1997:  http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/4.html  
Meyer, D.,  Towards the Global:  Complexity, Topology and Chaos in Modelling, Simulation and Computation, 1997:  http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/chao-dyn/9710005 (PDF)

Schreier, M., N. Fielding (editors), 2001, Special Issue: Qualitative and Quantitative Research- Conjunctions and Divergences, FQS, 2(1): http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-e/inhalt1-01-e.htm  

Watkins, J., Popperian Ideas on Progress and Rationality in Science,   The Critical Rationalist, 2(2), 1997:  http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/tcr/volume-02/number-02/

Websites:

EpistemeLinks.com: Philosophy resources on the Internet:  http://www.epistemelinks.com/index.aspx 

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Metaphysics Research Lab,   Stanford University , 2001:  http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html

TPM-The Philosophers' Magazine on the Net: http://www.philosophersnet.com/

University of Colorado at Denver, School of Education,  Contemporary Philosophy, Critical Theory and Postmodern Thought:  http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/postmodern.html  
 

Research Strategies I :  Experimentation.

 

References:

Chow, S., Précis of Statistical Significance: Rationale, Validity and Utility, London: Sage, 1996: http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/42/bbs00000442-00/bbs.chow.html

Graham, G., Behaviorism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Trochim, W., Experimental Design, in The Research Methods Knowledge Base:   http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/desexper.htm  

Woodward, J., Causation and Manipulability, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-mani/

Websites:

Polson, D.,  Experimental Design:   Internal Validity,  a Tutorial, Athabasca University,  Psychology Centre, 1998: http://server.bmod.athabascau.ca/html/Validity/index.shtml

Psychological Research on the Net-American Psychological Society: http://psych.hanover.edu/Research/exponnet.html 

Research Randomizer - Tutorial: http://www.randomizer.org/

Society for the Quantitative Analyses of Behavior:  http://sqab.psychology.org/

University of Zurich, Experimental Psychology Lab:  http://www.psych.unizh.ch/genpsy/Ulf/Lab/WebExpPsyLab.html    

 

    Research Strategies II : Inductive Approaches.

References:

Baskerville, R.,  Investigating information systems with action research, Communications of the Association for Information Systems,  Vol. 2, article 19, 1999.   http://cis.gsu.edu/~rbaskerv/CAIS_2_19/CAIS_2_19.html

Kline, H. et   Myers,M.,  A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems, MIS Quarterly,  23(1), 1999,  67-93.    http://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/MDMyers/klein-myers.pdf  

Myers, M., Investigating Information Systems with Ethnographic Research,  Communication of the AIS, Vol. 2, Article 23, 1999, 1-20.  http://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/Myers%20CAIS%20article.pdf  

Scacchi, W., Comparative Case Analysis for Understanding Software Processes, ATRIUM Laboratory, University of Southern California, 1998: http://www.usc.edu/dept/ATRIUM/Papers/New/CCA-Draft.html

Turoff, M., S. Hiltz, Computer Based Delphi Processes, dans M. Adler, E. Ziglio (Eds.), Gazing Into the Oracle: The Delphi Method and Its Application to Social Policy and Public Health, London:  Kingsley Publishers, 1996: http://eies.njit.edu/~turoff/Papers/delphi3.html 

Wainwright, D.,  Can sociological research be qualitative, critical and valid? The Qualitative Report, 3(2), 1997:   http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/wain.html

Websites:

ESRC Qualitative Data Archival Resource Centre (Qualidata): http://www.qualidata.essex.ac.uk/

Forum: Qualitative Social Research: http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm 

International Institute for Qualitative Methodology, University of Alberta: http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/iiqm/

Myers, M., Qualitative Research in Information Systems, AIS: http://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/

The Qualitative Report: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/index.html 
Qualitative Research Websites: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/web.html#f

Ratcliff, D., The Qualitative Research Web Page: http://qualitativeresearch.ratcliffs.net/

ten Have, P., ETHNO/CA News, Information on ETHNOMETHODOLOGY and CONVERSATION ANALYSIS: http://www.paultenhave.nl/EMCA.htm

Metaphors.

References:

Cummings, W.,  Interdisciplinary Social Science - World History and Its Metaphors: The Case of World ‘Systems’. Electronic Journal of Sociology: 5 (2), 2000:  http://www.sociology.org/content/vol005.002/cummings.html

Lakoff, G., Metaphor, Morality, and Politics, Social Research, 62(2), 1995: http://www.wwcd.org/issues/Lakoff.html

_____, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, dans Ortony, A (ed.) Metaphor and Thought (Second Edition), 1993:  http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~market/semiotic/metaphor_toc.html

_____, Metaphor in Politics: An Open Letter to the Internet from George Lakoff, 1991: http://www.indiana.edu/~ivieweb/lakoff-l.htm

Schmitt, R., Systematic Metaphor Analysis as a Method of Qualitative Research, The Qualitative Report, 10(2), 2005:  http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR10-2/schmitt.pdf

_____, Boundless Paradox: a discussion of Heraclitus, Anaximander and Gorgias, 1995: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/psabstr.htm

Websites: 

Metaphors of Mind Data Bank: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~jab/ATT-Meta/Databank/
 

Grounded Theory.

References:

Dick, B., Grounded theory: a thumbnail sketch, Research Papers in Action Research, 2005:  http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/grounded.html

Haig, B., Grounded theory as scientific method, Philosophy of Education Yearbook, 1995: http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/haig.html

Orlikowski, W., CASE tools as organizational change:  investigating incremental and radical changes in systems development, MIS Quarterly, 17(3), 1993:  http://www.misq.org/archivist/bestpaper/misq93.html

Urquhart, C., Strategies for Conversation and Systems Analysis in Requirements Gathering:
A Qualitative View of Analyst-Client Communication,  The Qualitative Report, 4 (1/2),  2000:
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-1/urquhart.html

Websites:

Grounded Theory Institute: http://www.groundedtheory.com/

The Grounded Theory Review: http://www.groundedtheoryreview.com/

Grounded Theory, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory

Scenarios.

References:

de Rosnay, J.,  The Macroscope, Harper and Row, 1979:  http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/MACRBOOK.html

Laubacher,R.,   T.  Malone,  Two Scenarios for 21st Century Organizations:  Shifting Networks of Small Firms or All-Encompassing "Virtual Countries"? Working Paper 21C WP #001,  MIT Initiative on Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century, 1997:  http://ccs.mit.edu/21c/21CWP001.html

Lempert, R., S. Popper, S. Bankes, Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis, Pardee Center, Rand Corporation, 2003: http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1626/

Morrison, J., Environmental Scanning, dans M. A. Whitely, J. D. Porter,  R. H. Fenske (eds.), A Primer for New Institutional Researchers, Association for Institutional Research, 1992, 86-99: http://horizon.unc.edu/courses/papers/
_____, I. Wilson,   Analyzing Environments and Developing Scenarios in Uncertain Times,  in M. W. Peterson, D. D. Dill, L. A. Mets, and associates (Eds.), Planning and Management for a Changing Environment, Jossey-Bass, 1997 :  http://horizon.unc.edu/courses/papers/JBChapter.asp
_____, J., I. Wilson, The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change,   Didsbury, Howard (Ed.), Future Vision, Ideas, Insights, and Strategies,   Bethesda, MD, World Future Society, 1996:   http://horizon.unc.edu/courses/papers/Scenario_wksp.asp

Raskin, R., T. Banuri, G. Gallopin, P. Gutman, A. Hammond, R. Kates R. Swart, Great Transition : The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead, Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Insititute, Tellus Institute, 2002: http://www.gsg.org/ 

Van der Heijden, K.,  Scenarios, Strategies and the Strategy Process,    Center for Organizational Learning and Change, Nijenrode University, the Netherlands, 1997: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/dgrnijrep/1997-01.htm

Websites:

Finland Futures Research Center:  http://www.tse.fi/EN/units/specialunits/ffrc/Pages/default.aspx

The Great Transition Initiative: http://www.gtinitiative.org/

National Intelligence Council, NIC 2025 Project: http://www.dni.gov/nic/NIC_2025_project.html

Tellus Institute:  http://www.tellus.org/

 

Measurement and Data Collection.

References :

Gunn, H., Web-based Surveys: Changing the Survey Process, First Monday, 7(12), 2002: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1014/935

Heise, D., Social Measurement, Classification and Scaling, Methodology section, 
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2000: http://www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/papers/Measurement.htm 

Schonlau, M., R. Fricker, Jr., M. Elliott,   Conducting Research Surveys via E-mail and the Web, Rand Survey Research Group, 2001:  http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1480/ 

Trochim, W., Measurement, in The Research Methods Knowledge Base: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measure.php
 

Websites:

eLab, University of California at Riverside: http://elab.ucr.edu/

eXpert Survey Systems,Inc., Brewster, New York:  http://expertss.objectis.net/

Harvard University Program on Survey Research: http://www.iq.harvard.edu/psr/

International Personality Item Pool:   A Scientific Collaboratory for the Development of Advanced Measures of Personality and Other Individual Differences:  http://ipip.ori.org/ipip/index.htm

International Social Survey Programme:   http://www.gesis.org/en/services/data/

Online Social Psychology Studies-Social Psychology Network:  http://www.socialpsychology.org/expts.htm

Princeton University Survey Research Center: http://www.princeton.edu/~psrc/

Swiss Information and Data Archive Service for the Social Sciences (SIDOS): http://nesstar.sidos.ch/

U.S. Census Bureau, Measuring the Electronic Economy: http://www.census.gov/eos/www/ebusiness614.htm

Sampling and Data Analysis.

References :

Arsham, H.,   Statistical Thinking for Managerial Decisions, Business Center, University of Baltimore, 2009:   http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Business-stat/opre504.htm

Croarkin, C., P. Tobias, Engineering Statistics Handbook, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)/Sematec, 2006:  http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/index.html 

Heise, D., Causal Analysis. (Electronic Edition. Original publication: 1975, New York: Wiley.) Bloomington, Indiana, 2001: http://php.indiana.edu/~heise/home.html

Hopkins, W. G. (2008). A new view of statistics. Internet Society for Sport Science: http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/ 

Kirkwood, C., System Dynamics Methods: A Quick Introduction, Arizona State University, 1998: http://www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/SDIntro.htm 

Motulsky, H., Christopoulos, A.,  Fitting Models to Biological Data using Linear and Nonlinear Regression, GraphPad Software, Inc., 2003: http://curvefit.com/index.htm

StatSoft, Inc., Electronic Statistics Textbook, Tulsa: Statsoft, 2007: http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/stathome.html

SPSS Documentation: http://support.spss.com/ProductsExt/SPSS/Documentation/SPSSforWindows/
    SPSS Statistics Base 17.0 Users Guide: http://support.spss.com/ProductsExt/SPSS/ESD/17/Download/User%20Manuals/English/SPSS%20Statistcs%20Base%20User's%20Guide%2017.0.pdf

See also Databases.

Websites:

Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics: http://onlinestatbook.com/rvls.html

SocioSite, Social Science Information System, University of Amsterdam, Research Methodology and Statistics: http://www.sociosite.net/topics/research.php

Stark, P.,  SticiGui©: Statistical Tools for Internet and Classroom Instruction
with a Graphical User Interface,  University of California, Berkeley, 2009:  http://www.stat.Berkeley.EDU/users/stark/SticiGui/index.htm

Survey Documentation and Analysis (SDA), University of California, Berkeley: http://sda.berkeley.edu/index.htm

Trochim, W. - Center for Social Research Methods:   http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/

Software :

RealStat Inc.-  Econometric Solutions for Real Estate Valuation: http://www.realstat.com/

Sociometry : Analytic Technologies-    http://analytictech.com/

System Dynamics Simulation - VENSIM: http://www.vensim.com/ 
Event Structure Analysis - http://www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/ESA/ 

 

Research Ethics in Social Sciences.

References:

Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. 2010:  http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf

Clarke, R., Ethical Issues in the Preparation and Submission of Research Papers in the I.S. Discipline,  Canberra, 2000:  http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/ResPubEth.html

Ess, C., Chair, AOIR Ethics Working Committee, 2002, Ethical decision-making and Internet research, Final Report: http://www.aoir.org/reports/ethics.pdf 

Eysenbach G.,  Medicine 2.0: Social Networking, Collaboration, Participation, Apomediation, and Openness, Journal of  Medical  Internet Research 2008;10(3):e22: : http://www.jmir.org/2008/3/e22/
 

Eysenbach, G.,  Report of a Case of Cyberplagiarism- and Reflections on Detecting and Preventing Academic Misconduct Using the Internet,  Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2000: http://www.jmir.org/2000/1/e4/HTML

Milgram, S., Behavioral study of obedience, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, 1963, 371-378.
See also "The Perils of Obedience", Harper's Magazine, adapted from  Obedience to Authority,  Stanley Milgram,  1974:  http://home.swbell.net/revscat/perilsOfObedience.html

Documentary Film “Obedience” (1962) available on YouTube:   Part I,  II,  III

National Research Council,  Science, Technology, and Law Panel,  A Convergence of Science and Law: A Summary Report of the First Meeting of the Science, Technology, and Law Panel,  National Academy Press,  2001: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10174.html

National Research Council, COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY,  On Being A Scientist: Responsible Conduct In Research, 3rd edition,  National Academy Press, 2009:  http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12192&page=R1

Stern, J., D. Elliott,  The Ethics of Scientific Research: A Guidebook for Course Development, Hanover NH: University Press of New England, 1997:  http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ethics/archives/Stern_Elliott.pdf

United States Department of Energy, Office of Human Radiation Experiments, Human Radiation
Experiments: The Department of Energy Roadmap to the Story and Records, 1995:  http://www.hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/roadmap/index.html
 

Websites:

A Case of Plagiarism:  Published on the Number 10 web site, the report, Iraq - Its Infrastructure of Concealment Deception and Intimidation,  outlines the structure of Saddam's intelligence organisations.   Cambridge academic Glen Rangwala determined that a substantial part of the report was copied from an article in the Middle East Review of International Affairs (Sept., 2002):  http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue3/jv6n3a1.html

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR):  http://www.cpsr.org/

Developing a Framework for Social Science Research Ethics, an ESRC project at the Science and Technology Studies Unit (SATSU), University of York and the School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University: http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ref/kb.htm

Plagiarism.org: http://www.plagiarism.org/

Stanford Prison Experiment: http://www.prisonexp.org/

Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, the Berkeley Electronic Press: http://www.bepress.com/selt/